Providing antenatal care (ANC) to expectant mothers is the primary method of reducing maternal morbidity and death. The objectives of ANC are to monitor and preserve the health and safety of both the mother and the fetus, identify any pregnancy issues and take appropriate action, address the concerns of the mother, get her ready for delivery, and encourage mothers to adopt healthy habits. The goal of this research is to investigate the determinants associated with Bangladeshi women's ANC. Data were obtained from the BDHS for the 2017–18 year, and 4,920 married women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were selected as participants from 18,895 married women. The data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The main outcome of this study found that 48.4% of respondents received 4 or more ANC visits. The ANC contacts were correlated with factors such as media exposure, division, maternal age, women's education, husband's education, and wealth index. The primary educated women were 0.312 times (p<0.002) less likely to receive 4 or more ANC, compared to higher educated women, and women who don’t access to media, 0.464 times (p<0.000) less likely to engage in 4 or more ANC visits compared to media access. The results of this investigation demonstrate a substantial correlation between media exposure and ANC visits, as well as a noteworthy rise in appropriate ANC visits among expectant mothers with increased media exposure.
Published in | Journal of Investment and Management (Volume 13, Issue 1) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12 |
Page(s) | 15-24 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Antenatal Care, Pregnant Women, Media Exposure, Multinomial Logistic Regression, Bangladesh
1.1. Objectives of the Study
1.2. Review of Related Literature
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Dependent Variable
2.4. Explanatory Variables
2.5. Software and Technical Support
Dependent Variable | Categories | Number of Respondents | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency of Antenatal Visit | No ANC | 396 | 8.0 |
Less than 4 ANC | 2146 | 43.6 | |
4 or more ANC | 2378 | 48.4 | |
Total | 4920 | 100.0 |
Explanatory variables | Number of antenatal visits during pregnancy | Total | χ-value | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No ANC | Less than 4 ANC | 4 or more ANC | ||||
Respondent’s Age Group | ||||||
15-24 | 194(7.5%) | 1141(44.1%) | 1253(48.4%) | 2588 | 13.854 | 0.008 |
25-34 | 162(8.0%) | 867(42.8%) | 996(49.2%) | 2025 | ||
≥35 | 40(13.0%) | 138(45.0%) | 129(42.0%) | 307 | ||
Religion | ||||||
Muslim | 373(8.3%) | 1983(44.1%) | 2146(47.6) | 4502 | 10.776 | 0.005 |
Non-Muslim | 23(5.5%) | 163(39.0%) | 232(55.5%) | 418 | ||
Division | ||||||
Barisal | 70(13.4%) | 244(46.6%) | 209(40.0%) | 523 | 185.542 | 0.000 |
Chittagong | 71(8.7%) | 412(50.5%) | 333(40.8%) | 816 | ||
Dhaka | 48(6.6%) | 290(39.8%) | 390(53.6%) | 728 | ||
Khulna | 17(3.3%) | 186(36.5%) | 307(60.2%) | 510 | ||
Mymensingh | 55(9.3%) | 252(42.5%) | 286(48.2%) | 593 | ||
Rajshahi | 24(4.6%) | 233(44.9%) | 262(50.5%) | 519 | ||
Rangpur | 24(4.4%) | 186(33.8%) | 340(61.8%) | 550 | ||
Sylhet | 87(12.8%) | 343(50.4%) | 251(36.8%) | 681 | ||
Place of Residence | ||||||
Urban | 85(5.0%) | 603(35.6%) | 1006(59.4%) | 1694 | 132.903 | 0.000 |
Rural | 311(9.6%) | 1543(47.8%) | 1372(42.6%) | 3226 | ||
Respondent’s Education Level | ||||||
No education | 82(27.0%) | 159(52.3%) | 63(20.7%) | 304 | 535.011 | 0.000 |
Primary | 178(13.0%) | 719(52.8%) | 466(34.2%) | 1363 | ||
Secondary | 127(5.4%) | 1014(43.0%) | 1216(51.6%) | 2357 | ||
Higher | 9(1.0%) | 254(28.3%) | 633(70.7%) | 896 | ||
Husband’s Education Level | ||||||
No education | 120(17.7%) | 355(52.4%) | 203(29.9%) | 678 | 470.137 | 0.000 |
Primary | 189(11.4%) | 829(50.1%) | 636(38.5%) | 1654 | ||
Secondary | 76(4.7%) | 706(43.3%) | 848(52.0%) | 1630 | ||
Higher | 11(1.2%) | 256(26.7%) | 691(72.1%) | 958 | ||
Respondent Currently Working | ||||||
No | 216(7.0%) | 1361(44.2%) | 1503(48.8%) | 3080 | 11.961 | 0.003 |
Yes | 180(9.8%) | 785(42.7%) | 875(47.5%) | 1840 | ||
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poorest | 191(17.9%) | 546(51.3%) | 328(30.8%) | 1065 | 520.844 | 0.000 |
Poorer | 105(10.6%) | 506(51.0%) | 381(38.4%) | 992 | ||
Middle | 54(6.1%) | 404(45.8%) | 424(48.1%) | 882 | ||
Richer | 36(3.7%) | 414(42.4%) | 526(53.9%) | 976 | ||
Richest | 10(1.0%) | 276(27.5%) | 719(71.5%) | 1005 | ||
Media Exposure | ||||||
No Exposure | 269(15.3%) | 914(52.0%) | 574(32.7%) | 1757 | 362.017 | 0.000 |
Exposure | 127(4.0%) | 1232(39.0%) | 1804(57.0%) | 3163 | ||
Birth Order Number | ||||||
1 | 79(4.2%) | 745(40.0%) | 1039(55.8%) | 1863 | 169.904 | 0.000 |
2 | 114(7.0%) | 703(43.6%) | 797(49.4%) | 1614 | ||
3-15 | 203(14.1%) | 698(48.4%) | 542(37.5%) | 1443 | ||
Number of Living Children | ||||||
One | 84(4.2%) | 806(40.2%) | 1114(55.6%) | 2004 | 241.267 | 0.000 |
Two to three | 218(8.8%) | 1088(44.0%) | 1165(47.2%) | 2471 | ||
Four or more | 94(21.1%) | 252(56.6%) | 99(22.3%) | 445 |
Variable | Category | Number of ANC visits during pregnancy | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Less Than 4 ANC | 4 or More ANC | ||||||||
P | OR | 95% CI for OR | P | OR | 95% CI for OR | ||||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
Division | Barisal | .229 | .789 | .536 | 1.161 | .517 | .870 | .570 | 1.326 |
Chittagong | .697 | 1.076 | .744 | 1.557 | .788 | .946 | .634 | 1.413 | |
Dhaka | .648 | .908 | .599 | 1.376 | .668 | 1.101 | .709 | 1.711 | |
Khulna | .052 | 1.769 | .996 | 3.143 | .000 | 2.999 | 1.664 | 5.405 | |
Mymensingh | .387 | 1.195 | .798 | 1.790 | .003 | 1.927 | 1.251 | 2.967 | |
Rajshahi | .026 | 1.788 | 1.072 | 2.982 | .003 | 2.259 | 1.325 | 3.852 | |
Rangpur | .005 | 2.100 | 1.255 | 3.516 | .000 | 5.176 | 3.041 | 8.810 | |
Sylhet ® | |||||||||
Place of Residence | Urban | .895 | .981 | .736 | 1.308 | .085 | 1.298 | .965 | 1.745 |
Rural ® | |||||||||
Respondents Education Level | No Education | .001 | .273 | .123 | .608 | .000 | .123 | .053 | .282 |
Primary | .051 | .474 | .224 | 1.003 | .002 | .312 | .147 | .663 | |
Secondary | .153 | .587 | .283 | 1.219 | .077 | .518 | .250 | 1.074 | |
Higher ® | |||||||||
Wealth Index | Poorest | .000 | .253 | .122 | .525 | .000 | .113 | .054 | .236 |
Poorer | .002 | .316 | .154 | .648 | .000 | .148 | .072 | .305 | |
Middle | .014 | .402 | .195 | .829 | .000 | .236 | .114 | .486 | |
Richer | .120 | .559 | .269 | 1.163 | .006 | .355 | .171 | .739 | |
Richest ® | |||||||||
Partners Education Level | No Education | .044 | .483 | .238 | .979 | .000 | .258 | .126 | .528 |
Primary | .051 | .511 | .260 | 1.004 | .000 | .293 | .149 | .576 | |
Secondary | .341 | .718 | .363 | 1.420 | .046 | .500 | .253 | .987 | |
Higher ® | |||||||||
Respondent Currently Working | No | .355 | 1.120 | .881 | 1.425 | .550 | .926 | .719 | 1.192 |
Yes ® | |||||||||
Respondent’s Age Group | 15-24 | .025 | .556 | .332 | .929 | .001 | .404 | .231 | .705 |
25-34 | .934 | .982 | .633 | 1.523 | .612 | .882 | .543 | 1.432 | |
≥35 ® | |||||||||
Religion | Muslim | .476 | .839 | .518 | 1.359 | .188 | .717 | .437 | 1.177 |
Non-Muslim ® | |||||||||
Media Exposure | No Exposure | .002 | .658 | .505 | .859 | .000 | .464 | .352 | .612 |
Exposure ® | |||||||||
1 | .830 | .895 | .324 | 2.471 | .809 | .880 | .313 | 2.475 | |
2 | .037 | 1.426 | 1.022 | 1.989 | .059 | 1.398 | .988 | 1.977 | |
3-15 ® | |||||||||
No. of Living Children | 1 | .017 | 3.432 | 1.250 | 9.425 | .000 | 8.847 | 3.116 | 25.12 |
2 or 3 | .210 | 1.256 | .880 | 1.794 | .000 | 2.503 | 1.660 | 3.773 | |
4 or more ® | |||||||||
a. The reference category is: No ANC. b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant. |
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APA Style
Ahmed, A., Sultana, R., Rahman, M. M., Islam, M. R. (2024). Effect of Media Exposure and Related Factors on Antenatal Care Visits Among Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: A Study Based on BDHS 2017-18 Data. Journal of Investment and Management, 13(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12
ACS Style
Ahmed, A.; Sultana, R.; Rahman, M. M.; Islam, M. R. Effect of Media Exposure and Related Factors on Antenatal Care Visits Among Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: A Study Based on BDHS 2017-18 Data. J. Invest. Manag. 2024, 13(1), 15-24. doi: 10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12
AMA Style
Ahmed A, Sultana R, Rahman MM, Islam MR. Effect of Media Exposure and Related Factors on Antenatal Care Visits Among Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: A Study Based on BDHS 2017-18 Data. J Invest Manag. 2024;13(1):15-24. doi: 10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12
@article{10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12, author = {Arzo Ahmed and Rupali Sultana and Mohammad Mizanur Rahman and Mohammad Rashedul Islam}, title = {Effect of Media Exposure and Related Factors on Antenatal Care Visits Among Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: A Study Based on BDHS 2017-18 Data }, journal = {Journal of Investment and Management}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {15-24}, doi = {10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jim.20241301.12}, abstract = {Providing antenatal care (ANC) to expectant mothers is the primary method of reducing maternal morbidity and death. The objectives of ANC are to monitor and preserve the health and safety of both the mother and the fetus, identify any pregnancy issues and take appropriate action, address the concerns of the mother, get her ready for delivery, and encourage mothers to adopt healthy habits. The goal of this research is to investigate the determinants associated with Bangladeshi women's ANC. Data were obtained from the BDHS for the 2017–18 year, and 4,920 married women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were selected as participants from 18,895 married women. The data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The main outcome of this study found that 48.4% of respondents received 4 or more ANC visits. The ANC contacts were correlated with factors such as media exposure, division, maternal age, women's education, husband's education, and wealth index. The primary educated women were 0.312 times (p<0.002) less likely to receive 4 or more ANC, compared to higher educated women, and women who don’t access to media, 0.464 times (p<0.000) less likely to engage in 4 or more ANC visits compared to media access. The results of this investigation demonstrate a substantial correlation between media exposure and ANC visits, as well as a noteworthy rise in appropriate ANC visits among expectant mothers with increased media exposure. }, year = {2024} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of Media Exposure and Related Factors on Antenatal Care Visits Among Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: A Study Based on BDHS 2017-18 Data AU - Arzo Ahmed AU - Rupali Sultana AU - Mohammad Mizanur Rahman AU - Mohammad Rashedul Islam Y1 - 2024/05/10 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12 DO - 10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12 T2 - Journal of Investment and Management JF - Journal of Investment and Management JO - Journal of Investment and Management SP - 15 EP - 24 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7721 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20241301.12 AB - Providing antenatal care (ANC) to expectant mothers is the primary method of reducing maternal morbidity and death. The objectives of ANC are to monitor and preserve the health and safety of both the mother and the fetus, identify any pregnancy issues and take appropriate action, address the concerns of the mother, get her ready for delivery, and encourage mothers to adopt healthy habits. The goal of this research is to investigate the determinants associated with Bangladeshi women's ANC. Data were obtained from the BDHS for the 2017–18 year, and 4,920 married women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were selected as participants from 18,895 married women. The data was analyzed using multinomial logistic regression as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The main outcome of this study found that 48.4% of respondents received 4 or more ANC visits. The ANC contacts were correlated with factors such as media exposure, division, maternal age, women's education, husband's education, and wealth index. The primary educated women were 0.312 times (p<0.002) less likely to receive 4 or more ANC, compared to higher educated women, and women who don’t access to media, 0.464 times (p<0.000) less likely to engage in 4 or more ANC visits compared to media access. The results of this investigation demonstrate a substantial correlation between media exposure and ANC visits, as well as a noteworthy rise in appropriate ANC visits among expectant mothers with increased media exposure. VL - 13 IS - 1 ER -