Silica-based optical fibers are the most important transmission medium for long-distance and large-capacity optical communication systems. The most distinguished feature of optical fiber is its low loss characteristics. A single-mode optical fiber (SMF) exhibits a very low transmission loss (0.142 dB/km) at 1.55 μm. Together with such low loss characteristics, zero chromatic dispersion near 1.55 μm is required for high capacity signal transmission. The zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers can be shifted to the vicinity of 1.55 μm by the mutual cancellation of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Such fibers are called dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs). The unsteady-state thermal conduction process in several DSFs was studied theoretically by the explicit finite-difference method using the thermochemical SiOx production model. The calculated threshold power and velocity of fiber fuse propagation in a step-index SMF were in fair agreement with the experimental values observed at 1.55 μm. It was found that the calculated threshold powers were proportional to the effective cross sectional areas of several DSFs and there is a linear relationship between the threshold powers and the mode-field diameters in the range of up to 2 W. These results were in fair agreement with the experimental results observed at 1.55 μm.
| Published in | Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Volume 10, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12 |
| Page(s) | 142-148 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Fiber Fuse Phenomenon, Dispersion-Shifted Fibers, Finite-Difference Technique
| [1] | Miya T., Terunuma Y., Hosaka T., and Miyashita T. (1979). Ultimate low-loss single-mode fibre at 1.55 μm. Electron. Lett., 15 (4), 106-108. |
| [2] | Kanamori H., Yokota H., Tanaka G., Watanabe M., Ishiguro Y., Yoshida I., Kakii T., Itoh S., Asano Y., and Tanaka S. (1986). Transmission characteristics and reliability of pure-silica-core single-mode fibers. IEEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 4 (8), 1144-1150. |
| [3] | Tamura Y., Sakuma H., Morita K., Suzuki M., Yamamoto Y., Shimada K., Honma Y., Sohma K., Fujii T., and Hasegawa T. (2018). The first 0.14-dB/km loss optical fiber and its impact on submarine transmission. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 36 (1), 44-49. |
| [4] | Payne D. N. and Gambling W. A. (1975). Zero material dispersion in optical fibres. Electron. Lett., 11 (4), 176-178. |
| [5] | South C. R. (1979). Total dispersion in step-index monomode fibres. Electron. Lett., 15 (13), 394-395. |
| [6] | Cohen L. G., Lin C., and French W. G. (1979). Tailoring zero chromatic dispersion into the 1.5-1.6 μm low-loss spectral region of single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett., 15 (12), 334-335. |
| [7] | White K. I. and Nelson B. P. (1979). Zero total dispersion in step-index monomode fibres at 1.30 and 1.55 μm. Electron. Lett., 15 (13), 396-397. |
| [8] | Gambling W. A., Matsumara H., and Ragdale C. M. (1979). Zero total dispersion in graded-index single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett., 15 (13), 474-476. |
| [9] | Tsuchiya H. and Imoto N. (1979). Dispersion-free single-mode fibre in 1.5 μm wavelength region. Electron. Lett., 15 (13), 476-478. |
| [10] | Jeunhomme L. (1979). Dispersion minimisation in single-mode fibres between 1.3 μm and 1.7 μm. Electron. Lett., 15 (13), 478-479. |
| [11] | Okamoto K., Edahiro T., Kawana A., and Miya T. (1979). Dispersion minimisation in single-mode fibres over a wide spectral range. Electron. Lett., 15 (22), 729-731. |
| [12] | Jürgensen K. (1979). Dispersion minimum of monomode fibres. Appl. Opt., 18 (8), 1259-1261. |
| [13] | Shuto Y. (2014). Heat conduction modeling of fiber fuse in single-mode optical fibers. J. Photonics, 2014, 645207. |
| [14] | Saifi M. A., Jang S. J., Cohen L. G., and Stone J. (1982). Triangular-profile single-mode fiber. Opt. Lett., 7 (1), 43-45. |
| [15] | Ainslie B. J., Beales K. J., Cooper D. M., Day C. R., and Rush J. D. (1982). Monomode fibre with ultra-low loss and minimum dispersion at 1.55 μm. Electron. Lett., 18 (19), 842-844. |
| [16] | Okamoto K. (2022). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides. 3rd Ed. Chap. 6, Academic Press, New York. |
| [17] | Kawakami S. and Nishida S. (1974). Anomalous dispersion of new doubly clad optical fibre. Electron. Lett., 10 (4), 38-40. |
| [18] | Kawakami S. and Nishida S. (1974). Characteristics of a doubly clad optical fiber with a low-index inner cladding. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-10 (12), 879-887. |
| [19] | Miya T., Okamoto K., Ohmori Y., and Sasaki Y. (1981). Fabrication of low dispersion single-mode fibers over a wide spectral range. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-17 (6), 858-861. |
| [20] | Bhagavatula V. A., Spotz M. S., Love W. F., and Keck D. B. (1983). Segmented-core single-mode fibres with low loss and low dispersion. Electron. Lett., 19 (8), 317-318. |
| [21] | Bhagavatula V. A., Spotz M. S., and Love W. F. (1984). Dispersion-shifted segmented-core single-mode fibers. Opt. Lett., 9 (5), 186-188. |
| [22] | Kubota M., Furuya K., and Suematsu Y. (1980). Random-bend loss-evaluation in single-mode optical fiber with various index profiles. Trans. IECE Japan, E63 (10), 723-730. |
| [23] | Kuwaki N., Ohashi M., Tanaka C., and Uesugi N. (1985). Dispersion-shifted convex-index single-mode fibres. Electron. Lett., 21 (25), 1186-1187. |
| [24] | Kuwaki N., Ohashi M., Tanaka C., Uesugi N., Seikai S., and Negishi Y. (1987). Characteristics of dispersion-shifted dual shape core single-mode fibers. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., LT-5 (6), 792-797. |
| [25] | Namiki S. and Emori Y. (2001). Ultrabroad-band Raman amplifiers pumped and gain-equalized by wavelength-division-multiplexed high-power laser diodes. IEEE J. Selected Topics Quantum Electron., 7 (1), 3-16. |
| [26] | Bromage J. (2004). Raman amplification for fiber communication systems. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 22 (1), 79-93. |
| [27] | Hansen P. B., Eskildsen L., Grubb S. G., Stentz A. J., Strasser T. A., Judkins J., DeMarco J. J., Pedrazzani R., and DiGiovanni D. J. (1997). Capacity upgrades of transmission systems by Raman amplification. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 9 (2), 262-264. |
| [28] | Suzuki H., Kani J., Masuda H., Tachio N., Iwatsuki K., Tada Y., and Sumida M. (2000). 1-Tb/s (100 × 10 Gb/s) super-dense WDM transmission with 25-GHz channel spacing in the zero-dispersion region employing distributed Raman amplification technology. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 12 (7), 903-905. |
| [29] | Sobe M. and Yano Y. (2002). Automatic pump power adjustment for gain-flattened multi-wavelength pumped Raman amplifier. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC 2002), TuJ5. |
| [30] | Fludger C. R. S., Handerek V., Jolley N., and Mears R. J. (2002). Novel ultra-broadband high performance distributed Raman amplifier employing pump modulation. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC 2002), WB4. |
| [31] | Leng L., Stulz S., Zhu B., Nelson L. E., Edvold B., Gruner-Nielsen L., Radic S., Centanni J., and Gnauck A. (2003). 1.6-Tb/s (160 × 10.7 Gb/s) transmission over 4000 km of nonzero dispersion fiber at 25-GHz channel spacing. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 15 (8), 1153-1155. |
| [32] | Zhu B., Doerr C. R., Gaarde P., Nelson L. E., Stulz S., Stulz L., and Gruner-Nielsen L. (2003). Broad bandwidth seamless transmission of 3.56 Tbit/s over 40 × 100 km of NZDF fibre using CSRZ-DPSK format. Electron. Lett., 39 (21), 1528-1530. |
| [33] | Grüner-Nielsen L., Knudsen S. N., Edvold B., Veng T., Magnussen D., Larsen C. C., and Damsgaard H. (2000). Dispersion compensating fibers. Opt. Fiber Technol., 6, 164-180. |
| [34] | Grüner-Nielsen L., Wandel M., Kristensen P., Jorgensen C., Jorgensen L. V., Edvold B., Pálsdóttir B., and Jakobsen D. (2005). Dispersion-compensating fibers. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 23 (11), 3566-3579. |
| [35] | Emori Y., Tanaka K., and Namiki S. (1999). 100 nm bandwidth flat-gain Raman amplifiers pumped and gain-equalised by 12-wavelength-channel WDM laser diode unit. Electron. Lett., 35 (16), 1355-1356. |
| [36] | Tsuzaki T., Kakui M., Hirano M., Onishi M., and Nishimura M. (2001). Broadband discrete fiber Raman amplifier with high differential gain operating over 1.65 μm-band. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC 2001), MA3. |
| [37] | Miyamoto T., Tsuzaki T., Okuno T., Kakui M., Hirano M., Onishi M., and Shigematsu M. (2002). Raman amplification over 100 nm-bandwidth with dispersion and dispersion slope compensation for conventional single mode fiber. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC 2002), TuJ7. |
| [38] | Yam S. S-H., An F-T., Hu E. S-T., Marhic M. E., Sakamoto T., Kazovsky L. G., and Asakawa Y. (2002). Gain-clamped S-band discrete Raman amplifier. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC 2002), ThB4. |
| [39] | Kotanigawa T., Matsuda T., and Naka A. (2004). Unstable Raman amplification due to Brillouin scattering and its suppression for 40 Gb/s WDM transmission. Optical Fiber Commun. Conf. (OFC 2004), WB2. |
| [40] | Hirano M., Tada A., Kato T., Onishi M., Makio Y., and Nishimura M. (2001). Dispersion compensating fiber over 140 nm-bandwidth. 27th Eur. Conf. Optical Commun. (ECOC 2001), Th. M. 1.4. |
| [41] | Kashyap R. (1988). Self-propelled self-focusing damage in optical fibres. Lasers'87: Proc. Xth Int. Conf. Lasers and Applications, 859-866, STS Press, McLean. |
| [42] | Kashyap R., Sayles A., and Cornwell G. F. (1996). Heat flow modeling and visualisation of catastrophic self-propagating damage in single-mode optical fibres at low powers. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 2966, 586-591. |
| [43] | Kashyap R. (2003). High average power effects in optical fibres and devices. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 4940, 108-117. |
| [44] | Shuto Y., Yanagi S., Asakawa S., Kobayashi M., and Nagase R. (2004). Fiber fuse phenomenon in step-index single-mode optical fibers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 40 (8), 1113-1121. |
| [45] | Shuto Y., Yanagi S., Asakawa S., Kobayashi M., and Nagase R. (2006). Fiber fuse phenomenon in triangular-profile single-mode optical fibers. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., 24 (2), 846-852. |
| [46] | Davis D. D., Mettler S. C., and DiGiovani D. J. (1995). Experimental data on the fiber fuse. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 2714, 202-210. |
| [47] | Davis D. D., Mettler S. C., and DiGiovani D. J. (1996). A comparative evaluation of fiber fuse models. Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 2966, 592-606. |
| [48] | Yanagi S., Asakawa S., and Nagase R. (2002). Characteristics of fibre-optic connector at high-power optical incidence. Electron. Lett., 38 (17), 977-978. |
| [49] | Seo K., Nishimura N., Shiino M., Yuguchi R., and Sasaki H. (2003). Evaluation of high-power endurance in optical fiber links. Furukawa Rev., 24, 17-22. |
| [50] | Nishimura N., Seo K., Shiino M., and Shiba T. (2003). Study of high-power endurance characteristics in optical fiber link. Technical Digest of Opt. Amplifiers and Their Applications, 94-97. |
| [51] | Takenaga K., Omori S., Goto R., Tanigawa S., Matsuo S., and Himeno K. (2008). Evaluation of high-power endurance of bend-insensitive fibers. Technical Digest of Opt. Fiber Conf. (OFC 2008), 370-372. |
| [52] | Takara H., Masuda H., Kanbara H., Abe Y., Miyamoto Y., Nagase R., Morioka T., Matsuoka S., Shimizu M., and Hagimoto K. (2009). Evaluation of fiber fuse characteristics of hole-assisted fiber for high power optical transmission systems. Technical Digest of European Conf. Opt. Commun. (ECOC 2009), 918-919. |
| [53] | Abedin K. S. and Nakazawa M. (2010). Real time monitoring of a fiber fuse using an optical time-domain reflectometer. Opt. Express, 18 (20), 21315-21321. |
| [54] | Carslaw H. S. and Jaeger J. C. (1959). Conduction of Heat in Solids. 2nd Ed. Chap. 13, Oxford University Press, Inc., Oxford. |
| [55] | Namihira Y. (1994). Relationship between nonlinear effective area and modefield diameter for dispersion shifted fibres. Electron. Lett., 30 (3), 262-264. |
APA Style
Yoshito Shuto. (2022). Fiber Fuse Simulation in Dispersion-Shifted Fibers. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 10(4), 142-148. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12
ACS Style
Yoshito Shuto. Fiber Fuse Simulation in Dispersion-Shifted Fibers. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 142-148. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12,
author = {Yoshito Shuto},
title = {Fiber Fuse Simulation in Dispersion-Shifted Fibers},
journal = {Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {142-148},
doi = {10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeee.20221004.12},
abstract = {Silica-based optical fibers are the most important transmission medium for long-distance and large-capacity optical communication systems. The most distinguished feature of optical fiber is its low loss characteristics. A single-mode optical fiber (SMF) exhibits a very low transmission loss (0.142 dB/km) at 1.55 μm. Together with such low loss characteristics, zero chromatic dispersion near 1.55 μm is required for high capacity signal transmission. The zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers can be shifted to the vicinity of 1.55 μm by the mutual cancellation of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Such fibers are called dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs). The unsteady-state thermal conduction process in several DSFs was studied theoretically by the explicit finite-difference method using the thermochemical SiOx production model. The calculated threshold power and velocity of fiber fuse propagation in a step-index SMF were in fair agreement with the experimental values observed at 1.55 μm. It was found that the calculated threshold powers were proportional to the effective cross sectional areas of several DSFs and there is a linear relationship between the threshold powers and the mode-field diameters in the range of up to 2 W. These results were in fair agreement with the experimental results observed at 1.55 μm.},
year = {2022}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Fiber Fuse Simulation in Dispersion-Shifted Fibers AU - Yoshito Shuto Y1 - 2022/07/29 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12 DO - 10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12 T2 - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering JF - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering JO - Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering SP - 142 EP - 148 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2329-1605 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeee.20221004.12 AB - Silica-based optical fibers are the most important transmission medium for long-distance and large-capacity optical communication systems. The most distinguished feature of optical fiber is its low loss characteristics. A single-mode optical fiber (SMF) exhibits a very low transmission loss (0.142 dB/km) at 1.55 μm. Together with such low loss characteristics, zero chromatic dispersion near 1.55 μm is required for high capacity signal transmission. The zero-dispersion wavelength of optical fibers can be shifted to the vicinity of 1.55 μm by the mutual cancellation of material dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Such fibers are called dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs). The unsteady-state thermal conduction process in several DSFs was studied theoretically by the explicit finite-difference method using the thermochemical SiOx production model. The calculated threshold power and velocity of fiber fuse propagation in a step-index SMF were in fair agreement with the experimental values observed at 1.55 μm. It was found that the calculated threshold powers were proportional to the effective cross sectional areas of several DSFs and there is a linear relationship between the threshold powers and the mode-field diameters in the range of up to 2 W. These results were in fair agreement with the experimental results observed at 1.55 μm. VL - 10 IS - 4 ER -
Email: